The buffalo hunters of the American West used Sharps, Remington and Springfield single-shots ivory and trophy hunters in Africa and Asia used Martini and break-action "express rifles" and "elephant guns." These rifles were designed for very large black-powder cartridges, from military-issue. Single-shot rifles were the preferred tools of big-game hunters in the later 19th century. Martini–Henrys were the standard British rifles of the late Victorian era, and Martini–Enfield conversions continued in second-line service until the Second World War. Unlike the US Army, which kept its trapdoors for decades, the British soon moved beyond the Snider to the more sophisticated dropping-block Martini action derived from the Peabody action.
The Springfield stayed in service until 1893, when it was replaced by the Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifle.Īnother muzzleloader conversion similar in concept to the Allin action was the British Snider–Enfield, also introduced in 1866, which hinged to the side rather than forward. The trapdoor mechanism continued with the adoption of the Springfield 1873 rifle, chambered in the new. 50-70 cartridge, chambered in trapdoor conversions of rifled muskets that had been used in the American Civil War. In 1866, the United States standardized on the. After firing, the act of opening the bolt would partially extract the fired case from the chamber, allowing it to be removed. The bolt contained a firing pin that used the existing percussion hammer, so no changes were required to the lock. Once loaded, the bolt was closed and latched in place, holding the round securely in place. The conversion consisted of filing out (or later milling out) the rear of the barrel, and attaching a folding bolt, the "trapdoor", that flipped up and forwards to allow the cartridge to be loaded in the breech. A good example is the "trapdoor" or Allin action used in early cartridge conversions of 1863 Springfield muzzleloading rifles.
There were also early breech-loading single-shot rifles such as the Hall, Ferguson, and Sharps.Īlmost all of the early cartridge-fed rifles were single-shot designs, taking advantage of the strength and simplicity of single-shot actions. Muzzle loaders included the Brown Bess, Charleville and Springfield Model 1861 muskets, the Kentucky and Mississippi rifles, and the duelling pistol. Notable pre-cartridge era single-shot firearms included matchlock, wheellock, snaplock, doglock, miquelet lock, flintlock, and percussion cap firearms. However, multi-barrel, breechloading, revolving, and other multi-shot firearms had been experimented with for centuries. The vast majority of firearms before the introduction of metallic cartridges in the 1860s were single-shot muzzleloaders.
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